King Lear Study Guide
Act II, Scene 2
Kent in the Stocks

Scene Summary

Outside Gloucester's castle, Kent (still disguised as Caius) encounters Oswald, Goneril's steward. When Oswald doesn't recognize him as the servant who tripped him before King Lear, Kent launches into a magnificent verbal assault, calling Oswald "a knave, a rascal, an eater of broken meats" and beating him. The commotion brings Cornwall, Regan, Edmund, and Gloucester running.

Despite Gloucester's protests that stocking the king's messenger is an insult to royal authority, Cornwall orders Kent placed in the stocks as punishment for his "plainness" and violence. Regan cruelly extends the punishment from noon until night. After the others leave, Gloucester apologizes privately to Kent, who accepts his fate with dignity.

Alone in the stocks, Kent reads a letter from Cordelia, who somehow knows of his disguised service to her father. He ends with a prayer to Fortune to "turn thy wheel" and bring better times, then falls asleep in his shameful position.

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Original Text
SCENE II. Before Gloucester's castle. [Enter KENT and OSWALD, severally] OSWALD Good dawning to thee, friend: art of this house? KENT Ay. OSWALD Where may we set our horses? KENT I' the mire. OSWALD Prithee, if thou lovest me, tell me. KENT I love thee not. OSWALD Why, then, I care not for thee. KENT If I had thee in Lipsbury pinfold, I would make thee care for me. OSWALD Why dost thou use me thus? I know thee not. KENT Fellow, I know thee. OSWALD What dost thou know me for? KENT A knave; a rascal; an eater of broken meats; a base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy, worsted-stocking knave; a lily-livered, action-taking knave, a whoreson, glass-gazing, super-serviceable finical rogue; one-trunk-inheriting slave; one that wouldst be a bawd, in way of good service, and art nothing but the composition of a knave, beggar, coward, pandar, and the son and heir of a mongrel bitch: one whom I will beat into clamorous whining, if thou deniest the least syllable of thy addition. OSWALD Why, what a monstrous fellow art thou, thus to rail on one that is neither known of thee nor knows thee! KENT What a brazen-faced varlet art thou, to deny thou knowest me! Is it two days ago since I tripped up thy heels, and beat thee before the king? Draw, you rogue: for, though it be night, yet the moon shines; I'll make a sop o' the moonshine of you: draw, you whoreson cullionly barber-monger, draw. [Drawing his sword] OSWALD Away! I have nothing to do with thee. KENT Draw, you rascal: you come with letters against the king; and take vanity the puppet's part against the royalty of her father: draw, you rogue, or I'll so carbonado your shanks: draw, you rascal; come your ways. OSWALD Help, ho! murder! help! KENT Strike, you slave; stand, rogue, stand; you neat slave, strike. [Beating him] OSWALD Help, ho! murder! murder! [Enter EDMUND, with his rapier drawn, CORNWALL, REGAN, GLOUCESTER, and Servants] EDMUND How now! What's the matter? KENT With you, goodman boy, an you please: come, I'll flesh ye; come on, young master. GLOUCESTER Weapons! arms! What's the matter here? CORNWALL Keep peace, upon your lives: He dies that strikes again. What is the matter? REGAN The messengers from our sister and the king. CORNWALL What is your difference? speak. OSWALD I am scarce in breath, my lord. KENT No marvel, you have so bestirred your valour. You cowardly rascal, nature disclaims in thee: a tailor made thee. CORNWALL Thou art a strange fellow: a tailor make a man? KENT Ay, a tailor, sir: a stone-cutter or painter could not have made him so ill, though he had been but two hours at the trade. CORNWALL Speak yet, how grew your quarrel? OSWALD This ancient ruffian, sir, whose life I have spared at suit of his gray beard,-- KENT Thou whoreson zed! thou unnecessary letter! My lord, if you will give me leave, I will tread this unbolted villain into mortar, and daub the wall of a jakes with him. Spare my gray beard, you wagtail? CORNWALL Peace, sirrah! You beastly knave, know you no reverence? KENT Yes, sir; but anger hath a privilege. CORNWALL Why art thou angry? KENT That such a slave as this should wear a sword, Who wears no honesty. Such smiling rogues as these, Like rats, oft bite the holy cords a-twain Which are too intrinse t' unloose; smooth every passion That in the natures of their lords rebel; Bring oil to fire, snow to their colder moods; Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon days With every gale and vary of their masters, Knowing nought, like dogs, but following. A plague upon your epileptic visage! Smile you my speeches, as I were a fool? Goose, if I had you upon Sarum plain, I'd drive ye cackling home to Camelot. CORNWALL What, art thou mad, old fellow? GLOUCESTER How fell you out? say that. KENT No contraries hold more antipathy Than I and such a knave. CORNWALL Why dost thou call him knave? What's his offence? KENT His countenance likes me not. CORNWALL No more, perchance, does mine, nor his, nor hers. KENT Sir, 'tis my occupation to be plain: I have seen better faces in my time Than stands on any shoulder that I see Before me at this instant. CORNWALL This is some fellow, Who, having been praised for bluntness, doth affect A saucy roughness, and constrains the garb Quite from his nature: he cannot flatter, he, An honest mind and plain, he must speak truth! An they will take it, so; if not, he's plain. These kind of knaves I know, which in this plainness Harbour more craft and more corrupter ends Than twenty silly ducking observants That stretch their duties nicely. KENT Sir, in good sooth, in sincere verity, Under the allowance of your great aspect, Whose influence, like the wreath of radiant fire On flickering Phoebus' front,-- CORNWALL What mean'st by this? KENT To go out of my dialect, which you discommend so much. I know, sir, I am no flatterer: he that beguiled you in a plain accent was a plain knave; which for my part I will not be, though I should win your displeasure to entreat me to't. CORNWALL What was the offence you gave him? OSWALD I never gave him any: It pleased the king his master very late To strike at me, upon his misconstruction; When he, compact, and flattering his displeasure, Tripped me behind; being down, insulted, railed, And put upon him such a deal of man, That worthied him, got praises of the king For him attempting who was self-subdued; And, in the fleshment of this dread exploit, Drew on me here again. KENT None of these rogues and cowards But Ajax is their fool. CORNWALL Fetch forth the stocks! You stubborn ancient knave, you reverent braggart, We'll teach you-- GLOUCESTER Sir, I am too old to learn: Call not your stocks for me: I serve the king; On whose employment I was sent to you: You shall do small respect, show too bold malice Against the grace and person of my master, Stocking his messenger. CORNWALL Fetch forth the stocks! As I have life and honour, There shall he sit till noon. REGAN Till noon! till night, my lord; and all night too. KENT Why, madam, if I were your father's dog, You should not use me so. REGAN Sir, being his knave, I will. CORNWALL This is a fellow of the self-same colour Our sister speaks of. Come, bring away the stocks! [Stocks brought out] GLOUCESTER Let me beseech your grace not to do so: His fault is much, and the good king his master Will check him for't: your purposed low correction Is such as basest and contemned'st wretches For pilferings and most common trespasses Are punished with: the king must take it ill, That he's so slightly valued in his messenger, Should have him thus restrained. CORNWALL I'll answer that. REGAN My sister may receive it much more worse, To have her gentleman abused, assaulted, For following her affairs. Put in his legs. [KENT is put in the stocks] Come, my good lord, away. [Exeunt all but GLOUCESTER and KENT] GLOUCESTER I am sorry for thee, friend; 'tis the duke's pleasure, Whose disposition, all the world well knows, Will not be rubbed nor stopped: I'll entreat for thee. KENT Pray, do not, sir: I have watched and travelled hard; Some time I shall sleep out, the rest I'll whistle. A good man's fortune may grow out at heels: Give you good morrow! GLOUCESTER The duke's to blame in this; 'twill be ill taken. [Exit] KENT Good king, that must approve the common saw, Thou out of heaven's benediction comest To the warm sun! Approach, thou beacon to this under globe, That by thy comfortable beams I may Peruse this letter! Nothing almost sees miracles But misery: I know 'tis from Cordelia, Who hath most fortunately been inform'd Of my obscured course; and shall find time From this enormous state, seeking to give Losses their remedies. All weary and o'erwatch'd, Take vantage, heavy eyes, not to behold This shameful lodging. Fortune, good night: smile once more; turn thy wheel! [Sleeps]
Modern English
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This scene demonstrates the complete breakdown of social order and proper authority in Lear's kingdom. Cornwall's decision to stock Kent represents an unprecedented violation of protocol — the king's messenger is essentially an extension of royal authority, and to humiliate him is to humiliate the king himself. Shakespeare uses this moment to show how Goneril and Regan's faction actively undermines Lear's remaining power, treating his representatives with contempt.Kent's extraordinary verbal barrage against Oswald showcases Shakespeare's mastery of invective — the art of creative insult. The lengthy catalogue of epithets ("a knave, a rascal, an eater of broken meats") serves both comedic and thematic purposes, contrasting honest plain-speaking with the "smiling rogues" who flatter their masters. Kent's "occupation to be plain" represents authentic loyalty versus the servile duplicity embodied by Oswald.The scene explores the tension between different types of service and loyalty. Cornwall misreads Kent's plainness as affected roughness, suggesting that in this corrupted world, even honesty appears suspicious. Meanwhile, characters like Oswald — who "smooth every passion / That in the natures of their lords rebel" — are rewarded for their sycophantic behavior.Kent's soliloquy while in the stocks introduces the powerful motif of Fortune's wheel, drawing on medieval tradition where...

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"A knave; a rascal; an eater of broken meats; a base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy, worsted-stocking knave" — Kent (2.2.14-16)

"Sir, 'tis my occupation to be plain" — Kent (2.2.95)

"Such smiling rogues as these, Like rats, oft bite the holy cords a-twain Which are too intrinse t' unloose" — Kent (2.2.76-78)

"Why, madam, if I were your father's dog, You should not use me so." — Kent (2.2.137-138)

"Sir, being his knave, I will." — Regan (2.2.139)

"A good man's fortune may grow out at heels" — Kent (2.2.158)

"Nothing almost sees miracles But misery" — Kent (2.2.167-168)

"Fortune, good night: smile once more; turn thy wheel!" — Kent (2.2.173)

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