King Lear Study Guide
Act I, Scene 5
A court before the same.

Scene Summary

This scene reveals Edmund's masterful manipulation as he sets his plot against Edgar in motion. Gloucester enters, deeply troubled by recent eclipses which he believes portend chaos and unnatural divisions between family members. Edmund presents his forged letter supposedly from Edgar, which suggests that sons should take control of their fathers' estates when the fathers become too old. Gloucester is horrified by what appears to be Edgar's treacherous thoughts and calls him an "abhorred villain." Edmund skillfully moderates his father's rage while offering to arrange for Gloucester to overhear a conversation between the brothers as proof.

After Gloucester leaves, Edmund delivers a brilliant soliloquy mocking his father's superstitious belief that the eclipses cause human wickedness. He argues that people blame the stars for their own moral failures, refusing to take responsibility for their actions. When Edgar arrives, Edmund continues his deception, warning his innocent brother that their father is mysteriously angry with him and advising Edgar to go armed and avoid Gloucester. The scene ends with Edmund's triumphant soliloquy celebrating how easily he can manipulate both his credulous father and his trusting brother.

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Original Text
[Enter GLOUCESTER and EDMUND] GLOUCESTER These late eclipses in the sun and moon portend no good to us: though the wisdom of nature can reason it thus and thus, yet nature finds itself scourged by the sequent effects: love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide: in cities, mutinies; in countries, discord; in palaces, treason; and the bond cracked 'twixt son and father. This villain of mine comes under the prediction; there's son against father: the king falls from bias of nature; there's father against child. We have seen the best of our time: impiety, unnaturalness, death, disfavour, dissension, and I know not what. Have you any letters from my lord of Cornwall? EDMUND I shall serve you, sir, truly, however else. GLOUCESTER That's my good fellow. I will reward thy loyalty. Here's gold for you. EDMUND How, my lord, I may be censured, that nature thus gives way to loyalty, something fears me to think of. GLOUCESTER What mean you by that? EDMUND I mean, my lord, that this letter is but a counterfeit; and yet, to be plain with you, these injunctions are but a device to set me against my brother; the which I will not do. GLOUCESTER How! EDMUND I beseech you, sir, question me no further. I would fain be loyal to you. GLOUCESTER What paper were you reading? EDMUND Nothing, my lord. GLOUCESTER No? What needed, then, that terrible dispatch of it into your pocket? The quality of nothing hath not such need to hide itself. Let's see: come, if it be nothing, I shall not need spectacles. EDMUND I beseech you, sir, pardon me: it is a letter from my brother, that I have not all o'er-read; for so much as I have perused, I find it not fit for your o'er-looking. GLOUCESTER Give me the letter, sir. EDMUND I shall offend, either to detain or give it. The contents, as in part I understand them, are to blame. GLOUCESTER Let's see, let's see. EDMUND [Giving the letter] I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue. GLOUCESTER [Reading] 'This policy and reverence of age makes the world bitter to the best of our times; keeps our fortunes from us till our oldness cannot relish them. I begin to find an idle and fond bondage in the oppression of aged tyranny; who sways, not as it hath power, but as it is suffered. Come to me, that of this I may speak more. If our father would sleep till I waked him, you should enjoy half his revenue for ever, and live the beloved of your brother, EDGAR.' Hum--conspiracy!--'Sleep till I wake him,--you should enjoy half his revenue,'--My son Edgar! Had he a hand to write this? a heart and brain to breed it in?-- When came this to you? who brought it? EDMUND It was not brought me, my lord; there's the cunning of it; I found it thrown in at the casement of my closet. GLOUCESTER You know the character to be your brother's? EDMUND If the matter were good, my lord, I durst swear it were his; but, in respect of that, I would fain think it were not. GLOUCESTER It is his. EDMUND It is his hand, my lord; but I hope his heart is not in the contents. GLOUCESTER Hath he never heretofore sounded you in this business? EDMUND Never, my lord: but I have heard him oft maintain it to be fit, that, sons at perfect age, and fathers declined, the father should be as ward to the son, and the son manage his revenue. GLOUCESTER O villain, villain! His very opinion in the letter! Abhorred villain! Unnatural, detested, brutish villain! worse than brutish! Go, sirrah, seek him; I'll apprehend him: abominable villain! Where is he? EDMUND I do not well know, my lord. If it shall please you to suspend your indignation against my brother till you can derive from him better testimony of his intent, you shall run a certain course; where, if you violently proceed against him, mistaking his purpose, it would make a great gap in your own honour, and shake in pieces the heart of his obedience. I dare pawn down my life for him, that he hath wrote this to feel my affection to your honour, and to no further pretence of danger. GLOUCESTER Think you so? EDMUND If your honour judge it meet, I will place you where you shall hear us confer of this, and by an auricular assurance have your satisfaction; and that without any further delay than this very evening. GLOUCESTER He cannot be such a monster-- EDMUND Nor is not, sure. GLOUCESTER --to his father, that so tenderly and entirely loves him. Heaven and earth! Edmund, seek him out; wind me into him, I pray you: frame the business after your own wisdom. I would unstate myself, to be in a due resolution. EDMUND I will seek him, sir, presently: convey the business as I shall find means and acquaint you withal. GLOUCESTER These late eclipses in the sun and moon portend no good to us: though the wisdom of nature can reason it thus and thus, yet nature finds itself scourged by the sequent effects: love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide: in cities, mutinies; in countries, discord; in palaces, treason; and the bond cracked 'twixt son and father. This villain of mine comes under the prediction; there's son against father: the king falls from bias of nature; there's father against child. We have seen the best of our time: impiety, unnaturalness, death, disfavour, dissension, and I know not what. [Exit] EDMUND This is the excellent foppery of the world, that, when we are sick in fortune,--often the surfeit of our own behavior,--we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the stars: as if we were villains by necessity; fools by heavenly compulsion; knaves, thieves, and treachers, by spherical predominance; drunkards, liars, and adulterers, by an enforced obedience of planetary influence; and all that we are evil in, by a divine thrusting on: an admirable evasion of whoremaster man, to lay his goatish disposition to the charge of a star! My father compounded with my mother under the dragon's tail; and my nativity was under Ursa major; so that it follows, I am rough and lecherous. Tut, I should have been that I am, had the maidenliest star in the firmament twinkled on my bastardry. Edgar-- [Enter EDGAR] and pat he comes like the catastrophe of the old comedy: my cue is villanous melancholy, with a sigh like Tom o' Bedlam. O, these eclipses do portend these divisions! fa, sol, la, mi. EDGAR How now, brother Edmund! what serious contemplation are you in? EDMUND I am thinking, brother, of a prediction I read this other day, what should follow these eclipses. EDGAR Do you busy yourself about that? EDMUND I promise you, the effects he writes of succeed unhappily; as of unnaturalness between the child and the parent; death, dearth, dissolutions of ancient amities; divisions in state, menaces and maledictions against king and nobles; needless diffidences, banishment of friends, dissipation of cohorts, nuptial breaches, and I know not what. EDGAR How long have you been a sectary astronomical? EDGAR Come, come; when saw you my father last? EDMUND Why, the night gone by. EDGAR Spake you with him? EDMUND Ay, two hours together. EDGAR Parted you in good terms? Found you no displeasure in him by word or countenance? EDMUND None at all. EDGAR Bethink yourself wherein you may have offended him: and at my entreaty forbear his presence till some little time hath qualified the heat of his displeasure; which at this instant so rageth in him, that with the mischief of your person it would scarcely allay. EDGAR Some villain hath done me wrong. EDMUND That's my fear. I pray you, have a continent forbearance till the speed of his rage goes slower; and, as I say, retire with me to my lodging, from whence I will fitly bring you to hear my lord speak: pray ye, go; there's my key. If you do stir abroad, go armed. EDGAR Armed, brother! EDMUND Brother, I advise you to the best; go armed: I am no honest man if there be any good meaning towards you: I have told you what I have seen and heard; but faintly, nothing like the image and horror of it: pray you, away. EDGAR Shall I hear from you anon? EDMUND I do serve you in this business. [Exit EDGAR] A credulous father! and a brother noble, Whose nature is so far from doing harms, That he suspects none: on whose foolish honesty My practises ride easy! All with me's meet That I can fashion fit. [Exit]
Modern English
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This scene showcases Edmund as one of Shakespeare's most compelling villains, demonstrating his psychological sophistication and his mastery of manipulation. The scene operates on multiple levels of irony, as Gloucester's superstitious worldview makes him the perfect victim for Edmund's rational, calculating villainy. The dramatic irony is particularly powerful—we watch Edmund orchestrate the very family divisions that Gloucester attributes to celestial influence.Edmund's famous soliloquy about the "excellent foppery of the world" represents a fascinating collision between medieval and Renaissance worldviews. While Gloucester clings to an older, superstitious understanding of causation, Edmund embodies the Renaissance emphasis on individual agency and rational thought. His rejection of astrological determinism—"we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the stars"—positions him as a proto-modern figure who believes humans create their own destinies through action rather than submitting to cosmic forces.The scene's structure brilliantly mirrors its thematic content about appearance versus reality. Edmund appears to be the loyal, concerned son while actually orchestrating his family's destruction. The forged letter creates a false reality that Gloucester accepts as truth, while Edmund's warnings to Edgar create another layer of deception. Shakespeare uses this technique to demonstrate how easily perception can be manipulated when people see what...

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"These late eclipses in the sun and moon portend no good to us" — Gloucester (1.2.109-110)

"This is the excellent foppery of the world, that, when we are sick in fortune,—often the surfeit of our own behavior,—we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the stars" — Edmund (1.2.128-131)

"My father compounded with my mother under the dragon's tail; and my nativity was under Ursa major; so that it follows, I am rough and lecherous" — Edmund (1.2.140-143)

"A credulous father! and a brother noble, Whose nature is so far from doing harms, That he suspects none" — Edmund (1.2.195-197)

"All with me's meet That I can fashion fit" — Edmund (1.2.198-199)

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