Twelfth Night Study Guide
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Act II, Scene 5
Olivia's Garden

Scene Summary

In Olivia's garden, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Fabian hide to watch Maria's prank unfold. Maria places a forged love letter where Malvolio will find it, then the conspirators conceal themselves in a box-tree. Malvolio arrives, already fantasizing about marrying Olivia and becoming "Count Malvolio," imagining how he would lord his new status over Sir Toby and the other servants.

When Malvolio discovers the letter, he immediately recognizes what he believes to be Olivia's handwriting. The letter contains a riddle with the letters "M, O, A, I" which Malvolio interprets as spelling his name, convincing himself that Olivia loves him. The letter instructs him to be proud, wear yellow stockings cross-gartered, smile constantly, and act superior to everyone—all behaviors that will actually disgust Olivia.

Malvolio exits, completely deceived and planning to follow every instruction. Maria returns to receive praise from the delighted conspirators, who anticipate watching Malvolio make a fool of himself before Olivia by appearing in yellow stockings (which she hates) and smiling inappropriately (which will clash with her melancholy mood).

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Original Text
[Enter SIR TOBY, SIR ANDREW, and FABIAN] SIR TOBY Come thy ways, Signior Fabian. FABIAN Nay, I'll come: if I lose a scruple of this sport, let me be boiled to death with melancholy. SIR TOBY Wouldst thou not be glad to have the niggardly rascally sheep-biter come by some notable shame? FABIAN I would exult, man: you know, he brought me out o' favour with my lady about a bear-baiting here. SIR TOBY To anger him we'll have the bear again; and we will fool him black and blue: shall we not, Sir Andrew? SIR ANDREW An we do not, it is pity of our lives. [Enter MARIA] SIR TOBY Here comes the little villain. MARIA Get ye all three into the box-tree: Malvolio's coming down this walk: he has been yonder i' the sun practising behavior to his own shadow this half hour: observe him, for the love of mockery; for I know this letter will make a contemplative idiot of him. Close, in the name of jesting! Lie thou there. [Throws down a letter] [The men hide in the box-tree] [Enter MALVOLIO] MALVOLIO 'Tis but fortune; all is fortune. Maria once told me she did affect me: and I have heard herself come thus near, that, should she fancy, it should be one of my complexion. Besides, she uses me with a more exalted respect than any one else that follows her. What should I think on't? SIR TOBY Here's an overweening rogue! FABIAN O, peace! Contemplation makes a rare turkey-cock of him: how he jets under his advanced plumes! SIR ANDREW Slight, I could so beat the rogue! SIR TOBY Peace, I say. MALVOLIO To be Count Malvolio! SIR TOBY Ah, rogue! SIR ANDREW Pistol him, pistol him. SIR TOBY Peace, peace! MALVOLIO There is example for't; the lady of the Strachy married the yeoman of the wardrobe. SIR ANDREW Fie on him, Jezebel! FABIAN O, peace! now he's deeply in: look how imagination blows him. MALVOLIO Having been three months married to her, sitting in my state,— SIR TOBY O, for a stone-bow, to hit him in the eye! MALVOLIO Calling my officers about me, in my branched velvet gown; having come from a day-bed, where I have left Olivia sleeping,— SIR TOBY Fire and brimstone! FABIAN O, peace, peace! MALVOLIO And then to have the humour of state; and after a demure travel of regard, telling them I know my place as I would they should do theirs, to for my kinsman Toby,— SIR TOBY Bolts and shackles! FABIAN O peace, peace, peace! now, now. MALVOLIO Seven of my people, with an obedient start, make out for him: I frown the while; and perchance wind up watch, or play with my—some rich jewel. Toby approaches; courtesies there to me,— SIR TOBY Shall this fellow live? FABIAN Though our silence be drawn from us with cars, yet peace. MALVOLIO I extend my hand to him thus, quenching my familiar smile with an austere regard of control,— SIR TOBY And does not Toby take you a blow o' the lips then? MALVOLIO Saying, 'Cousin Toby, my fortunes having cast me on your niece give me this prerogative of speech,'— SIR TOBY What, what? MALVOLIO 'You must amend your drunkenness.' SIR TOBY Out, scab! FABIAN Nay, patience, or we break the sinews of our plot. MALVOLIO 'Besides, you waste the treasure of your time with a foolish knight,'— SIR ANDREW That's me, I warrant you. MALVOLIO 'One Sir Andrew,'— SIR ANDREW I knew 'twas I; for many do call me fool. MALVOLIO What employment have we here? [Taking up the letter] FABIAN Now is the woodcock near the gin. SIR TOBY O, peace! and the spirit of humour intimate reading aloud to him! MALVOLIO By my life, this is my lady's hand these be her very C's, her U's and her T's and thus makes she her great P's. It is, in contempt of question, her hand. SIR ANDREW Her C's, her U's and her T's: why that? MALVOLIO [Reads] 'To the unknown beloved, this, and my good wishes:'—her very phrases! By your leave, wax. Soft! and the impressure her Lucrece, with which she uses to seal: 'tis my lady. To whom should this be? FABIAN This wins him, liver and all. MALVOLIO [Reads] 'Jove knows I love: But who? Lips, do not move; No man must know.' 'No man must know.' What follows? the numbers altered! 'No man must know:' if this should be thee, Malvolio? SIR TOBY Marry, hang thee, brock! MALVOLIO [Reads] 'I may command where I adore; But silence, like a Lucrece knife, With bloodless stroke my heart doth gore: M, O, A, I, doth sway my life.' FABIAN A fustian riddle! SIR TOBY Excellent wench, say I. MALVOLIO 'M, O, A, I, doth sway my life.' Nay, but first, let me see, let me see, let me see. FABIAN What dish o' poison has she dressed him! SIR TOBY And with what wing the staniel checks at it! MALVOLIO 'I may command where I adore.' Why, she may command me: I serve her; she is my lady. Why, this is evident to any formal capacity; there is no obstruction in this: and the end—what should that alphabetical position portend? If I could make that resemble something in me,—Softly! M, O, A, I,— SIR TOBY O, ay, make up that: he is now at a cold scent. FABIAN Sowter will cry upon't for all this, though it be as rank as a fox. MALVOLIO M,—Malvolio; M,—why, that begins my name. FABIAN Did not I say he would work it out? the cur is excellent at faults. MALVOLIO M,—but then there is no consonancy in the sequel; that suffers under probation. A should follow, but O does. FABIAN And O shall end, I hope. SIR TOBY Ay, or I'll cudgel him, and make him cry O! MALVOLIO And then I comes behind. FABIAN Ay, an you had any eye behind you, you might see more detraction at your heels than fortunes before you. MALVOLIO M, O, A, I; this simulation is not as the former: and yet, to crush this a little, it would bow to me, for every one of these letters are in my name. Soft! here follows prose. [Reads] 'If this fall into thy hand, revolve. In my stars I am above thee; but be not afraid of greatness: some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon 'em. Thy Fates open their hands; let thy blood and spirit embrace them. And, to inure thyself to what thou art like to be, cast thy humble slough and appear fresh. Be opposite with a kinsman, surly with servants: let thy tongue tang arguments of state; put thyself into the trick of singularity: she thus advises thee that sighs for thee. Remember who commended thy yellow stockings, and wished to see thee ever cross-gartered: I say, remember. Go to, thou art made, if thou desirest to be so; if not, let me see thee a steward still, the fellow of servants, and not worthy to touch Fortune's fingers. Farewell. She that would alter services with thee, THE FORTUNATE-UNHAPPY.' Daylight and champaign discovers not more: this is open. I will be proud, I will read politic authors, I will baffle Sir Toby, I will wash off gross acquaintance, I will be point-devise the very man. I do not now fool myself, to let imagination jade me; for every reason excites to this, that my lady loves me. She did commend my yellow stockings of late, she did praise my leg being cross-gartered; and in this she manifests herself to my love, and with a kind of injunction drives me to these habits of her liking. I thank my stars I am happy. I will be strange, stout, in yellow stockings, and cross-gartered, even with the swiftness of putting on. Jove and my stars be praised! Here is yet a postscript. [Reads] 'Thou canst not choose but know who I am. If thou entertainest my love, let it appear in thy smiling; thy smiles become thee well; therefore in my presence still smile, dear my sweet, I prithee.' Jove, I thank thee: I will smile; I will do everything that thou wilt have me. [Exit] FABIAN I will not give my part of this sport for a pension of thousands to be paid from the Sophy. SIR TOBY I could marry this wench for this device. SIR ANDREW So could I too. SIR TOBY And ask no other dowry with her but such another jest. SIR ANDREW Nor I neither. [Enter MARIA] FABIAN Here comes my noble gull-catcher. SIR TOBY Wilt thou set thy foot o' my neck? SIR ANDREW Or o' mine either? SIR TOBY Shall I play my freedom at traytrip, and become thy bond-slave? SIR ANDREW I' faith, or I either? SIR TOBY Why, thou hast put him in such a dream, that when the image of it leaves him he must run mad. MARIA Nay, but say true; does it work upon him? SIR TOBY Like aqua-vitae with a midwife. MARIA If you will then see the fruits of the sport, mark his first approach before my lady: he will come to her in yellow stockings, and 'tis a colour she abhors, and cross-gartered, a fashion she detests. And he will smile upon her, which will now be so unsuitable to her disposition, being addicted to a melancholy as she is, that it cannot but turn him into a notable contempt. If you will see it, follow me. SIR TOBY To the gates of Tartar, thou most excellent devil of wit! SIR ANDREW I'll make one too. [Exeunt]
Modern English

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This scene represents the climax of the subplot involving Malvolio's gulling, showcasing Shakespeare's mastery of dramatic irony and comic timing. The audience watches with the hidden conspirators as Malvolio falls completely into Maria's trap, creating multiple layers of theatrical awareness. We see Malvolio's private fantasies exposed while simultaneously witnessing the plotters' reactions, making us complicit in both the deception and its observation.Malvolio's character reaches its most revealing moment as his social ambitions and self-delusion are laid bare. His extended fantasy about being "Count Malvolio" exposes not just personal vanity but broader anxieties about social mobility in Shakespeare's England. The specific details—sitting in state, wearing branched velvet, commanding servants—reveal someone who has carefully observed and coveted aristocratic privilege. His immediate assumption that the letter refers to him demonstrates dangerous levels of narcissism and wishful thinking.The forged letter itself operates as a masterpiece of manipulation, exploiting Malvolio's psychological weaknesses with surgical precision. The riddle "M, O, A, I" works because Malvolio wants it to work—he forces the letters to spell his name despite admitting "there is no consonancy in the sequel." Shakespeare uses this moment to explore how self-deception can overcome logic when desire is strong enough.The scene's structure builds comic tension...

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"'Tis but fortune; all is fortune." — Malvolio (2.5.22)

"To be Count Malvolio!" — Malvolio (2.5.33)

"some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon 'em" — Letter/Maria (2.5.144-145)

"I will be proud, I will read politic authors, I will baffle Sir Toby" — Malvolio (2.5.156-157)

"I do not now fool myself, to let imagination jade me" — Malvolio (2.5.160-161)

"Here's an overweening rogue!" — Sir Toby (2.5.28)

"Contemplation makes a rare turkey-cock of him: how he jets under his advanced plumes!" — Fabian (2.5.29-30)

"Now is the woodcock near the gin." — Fabian (2.5.85)

"he will come to her in yellow stockings, and 'tis a colour she abhors" — Maria (2.5.190-191)

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Mr. Shifflett's Note
Mr. Shifflett
Mr. Shifflett
English Teacher · Seoul International School
Hey! I built this study guide and sprinkled my own teaching notes throughout — look for the gold highlights ✎ as you read.

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