Macbeth Study Guide
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Act IV, Scene 2
Fife. Macduff's castle.

Scene Summary

In this harrowing scene, Lady Macduff and her young son are left defenseless at Macduff's castle after his flight to England. Ross visits to explain Macduff's departure but struggles to justify why a father would abandon his family in such dangerous times. After Ross leaves, Lady Macduff engages in witty banter with her precocious son, who demonstrates remarkable intelligence and innocence despite their dire circumstances.

A messenger suddenly arrives to warn them of approaching danger, but it's too late. Macbeth's murderers arrive and brutally kill the innocent child before pursuing Lady Macduff offstage. The scene represents Macbeth's complete moral collapse, as he now targets women and children in his paranoid quest to eliminate all threats to his power.

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✨ Character Voice Translations PREMIUM
Original Text
Enter LADY MACDUFF, her SON, and ROSS ROSS What had he done, to make him fly the land? LADY MACDUFF You must have patience, madam. ROSS He had none: His flight was madness: when our actions do not, Our fears do make us traitors. LADY MACDUFF You know not Whether it was his wisdom or his fear. ROSS Wisdom! to leave his wife, to leave his babes, His mansion and his titles in a place From whence himself does fly? He loves us not; He wants the natural touch: for the poor wren, The most diminutive of birds, will fight, Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. All is the fear and nothing is the love; As little is the wisdom, where the flight So runs against all reason. LADY MACDUFF My dearest coz, I pray you, school yourself: but for my husband, He is noble, wise, judicious, and best knows The fits o' the season. I dare not speak much further; But cruel are the times, when we are traitors And do not know ourselves, when we hold rumour From what we fear, yet know not what we fear, But float upon a wild and violent sea Each way and move. I take my leave of you: Shall not be long but I'll be here again: Things at the worst will cease, or else climb upward To what they were before. My pretty cousin, Blessing upon you! LADY MACDUFF Father'd he is, and yet he's fatherless. ROSS I am so much a fool, should I stay longer, It would be my disgrace and your discomfort: I take my leave at once. [Exit ROSS] LADY MACDUFF Sirrah, your father's dead: And what will you do now? How will you live? SON As birds do, mother. LADY MACDUFF What, with worms and flies? SON With what I get, I mean; and so do they. LADY MACDUFF Poor bird! thou'ldst never fear the net nor lime, The pitfall nor the gin. SON Why should I, mother? Poor birds they are not set for. My father is not dead, for all your saying. LADY MACDUFF Yes, he is dead; how wilt thou do for a father? SON Nay, how will you do for a husband? LADY MACDUFF Why, I can buy me twenty at any market. SON Then you'll buy 'em to sell again. LADY MACDUFF Thou speak'st with all thy wit: and yet, i' faith, With wit enough for thee. SON Was my father a traitor, mother? LADY MACDUFF Ay, that he was. SON What is a traitor? LADY MACDUFF Why, one that swears and lies. SON And be all traitors that do so? LADY MACDUFF Every one that does so is a traitor, and must be hanged. SON And must they all be hanged that swear and lie? LADY MACDUFF Every one. SON Who must hang them? LADY MACDUFF Why, the honest men. SON Then the liars and swearers are fools, for there are liars and swearers enow to beat the honest men and hang up them. LADY MACDUFF Now, God help thee, poor monkey! But how wilt thou do for a father? SON If he were dead, you'ld weep for him: if you would not, it were a good sign that I should quickly have a new father. LADY MACDUFF Poor prattler, how thou talk'st! [Enter a MESSENGER] MESSENGER Bless you, fair dame! I am not to you known, Though in your state of honour I am perfect. I doubt some danger does approach you nearly: If you will take a homely man's advice, Be not found here; hence, with your little ones. To fright you thus, methinks, I am too savage; To do worse to you were fell cruelty, Which is too nigh your person. Heaven preserve you! I dare abide no longer. [Exit MESSENGER] LADY MACDUFF Whither should I fly? I have done no harm. But I remember now I am in this earthly world; where to do harm Is often laudable, to do good sometime Accounted dangerous folly: why then, alas, Do I put up that womanly defence, To say I have done no harm? [Enter MURDERERS] FIRST MURDERER Where is your husband? LADY MACDUFF I hope, in no place so unsanctified Where such as thou mayst find him. FIRST MURDERER He's a traitor. SON Thou liest, thou shag-hair'd villain! FIRST MURDERER What, you egg! [Stabbing him] Young fry of treachery! SON He has kill'd me, mother: Run away, I pray you! [Dies] [Exit LADY MACDUFF, crying 'Murder!' Exeunt MURDERERS, following her]
Modern English

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This scene serves as the emotional and moral nadir of the play, demonstrating how tyranny inevitably targets the innocent and defenseless. Shakespeare contrasts the natural bonds of family with their violent destruction, using Lady Macduff's situation to explore themes of abandonment, protection, and moral order. The scene's placement immediately after Macbeth's visit to the witches shows the direct consequences of his descent into evil.The dramatic irony is devastating — the audience knows of the approaching danger while watching the innocent domestic scene unfold. Lady Macduff's bird imagery creates a powerful extended metaphor for vulnerability and natural protection, contrasting sharply with the predatory nature of Macbeth's agents. The child's wit and courage in the face of death provides a stark contrast to the cowardice of the adult world.Shakespeare uses this scene to examine the nature of honor and loyalty through Lady Macduff's criticism of her husband's flight. Her bitter question about whether Macduff lacks "the natural touch" reflects the play's larger concern with what makes us human. The child's philosophical questions about traitors and honest men reveal the moral confusion of a world turned upside down by tyranny.The scene's brutal climax — the murder of an innocent child — represents the...

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"He wants the natural touch: for the poor wren, / The most diminutive of birds, will fight, / Her young ones in her nest, against the owl." — Lady Macduff (4.2.8-11)

"But cruel are the times, when we are traitors / And do not know ourselves" — Lady Macduff (4.2.18-19)

"As birds do, mother." — Son (4.2.31)

"Poor birds they are not set for. / My father is not dead, for all your saying." — Son (4.2.34-35)

"Then the liars and swearers are fools, / for there are liars and swearers enow to beat / the honest men and hang up them." — Son (4.2.55-57)

"I am in this earthly world; where to do harm / Is often laudable, to do good sometime / Accounted dangerous folly" — Lady Macduff (4.2.75-77)

"What, you egg!" — First Murderer (4.2.83)

"He has kill'd me, mother: / Run away, I pray you!" — Son (4.2.85-86)

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Mr. Shifflett's Note
Mr. Shifflett
Mr. Shifflett
English Teacher · Seoul International School
Hey! I built this study guide and sprinkled my own teaching notes throughout — look for the gold highlights ✎ as you read.

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