Macbeth Study Guide
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Act IV, Scene 1
A cavern. In the middle, a boiling cauldron.

Scene Summary

In a dark cavern, the three witches gather around their bubbling cauldron, chanting their famous incantation "Double, double toil and trouble" while brewing a potion with gruesome ingredients. When Macbeth arrives demanding answers about his future, they conjure three apparitions that deliver cryptic prophecies: an armed head warns him to beware Macduff, a bloody child tells him that "none of woman born" shall harm him, and a crowned child declares he will never be defeated until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill.

Emboldened by these seemingly impossible conditions, Macbeth presses for more knowledge about Banquo's descendants. The witches show him a procession of eight future kings, all resembling Banquo, confirming that Banquo's line will indeed rule Scotland. After the witches vanish, Lennox brings news that Macduff has fled to England. Enraged and paranoid, Macbeth immediately resolves to murder Macduff's wife and children, declaring that from now on he will act on his first violent impulses without hesitation.

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Original Text
[Thunder. Enter the three WITCHES] FIRST WITCH Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd. SECOND WITCH Thrice and once the hedge-pig whined. THIRD WITCH Harpier cries 'Tis time, 'tis time. FIRST WITCH Round about the cauldron go; In the poison'd entrails throw. Toad, that under cold stone Days and nights has thirty-one Swelter'd venom sleeping got, Boil thou first i' the charmed pot. ALL Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble. SECOND WITCH Fillet of a fenny snake, In the cauldron boil and bake; Eye of newt and toe of frog, Wool of bat and tongue of dog, Adder's fork and blind-worm's sting, Lizard's leg and howlet's wing, For a charm of powerful trouble, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. ALL Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble. THIRD WITCH Scale of dragon, tooth of wolf, Witches' mummy, maw and gulf Of the ravin'd salt-sea shark, Root of hemlock digg'd i' the dark, Liver of blaspheming Jew, Gizzard of the goat, and slip Of yew sliver'd in the moon's eclipse, Nose of Turk and Tartar's lips, Finger of birth-strangled babe Ditch-deliver'd by a drab, Make the gruel thick and slab: Add thereto a tiger's chaudron, For the ingredients of our cauldron. ALL Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble. SECOND WITCH Cool it with a baboon's blood, Then the charm is firm and good. [Enter HECATE to the other three WITCHES] HECATE O well done! I commend your pains; And every one shall share i' the gains; And now about the cauldron sing, Like elves and fairies in a ring, Enchanting all that you put in. [Music and a song: 'Black spirits,' &c] [HECATE retires] SECOND WITCH By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes. Open, locks, Whoever knocks! [Enter MACBETH] MACBETH How now, you secret, black, and midnight hags! What is't you do? ALL A deed without a name. MACBETH I conjure you, by that which you profess, Howe'er you come to know it, answer me: Though you untie the winds and let them fight Against the churches; though the yesty waves Confound and swallow navigation up; Though bladed corn be lodged and trees blown down; Though castles topple on their warders' heads; Though palaces and pyramids do slope Their heads to their foundations; though the treasure Of nature's germens tumble all together, Even till destruction sicken; answer me To what I ask you. FIRST WITCH Speak. SECOND WITCH Demand. THIRD WITCH We'll answer. FIRST WITCH Say, if thou'dst rather hear it from our mouths, Or from our masters? MACBETH Call 'em; let me see 'em. FIRST WITCH Pour in sow's blood, that hath eaten Her nine farrow; grease that's sweaten From the murderer's gibbet throw Into the flame. ALL Come, high or low; Thyself and office deftly show! [Thunder. First Apparition: an Armed Head] FIRST APPARITION Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! beware Macduff; Beware the thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough. [Descends] MACBETH Whate'er thou art, for thy good caution, thanks; Thou hast harp'd my fear aright: but one word more,— FIRST WITCH He will not be commanded: here's another, More potent than the first. [Thunder. Second Apparition: a Bloody Child] SECOND APPARITION Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! MACBETH Had I three ears, I'ld hear thee. SECOND APPARITION Be bloody, bold and resolute; laugh to scorn The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth. [Descends] MACBETH Then live, Macduff: what need I fear of thee? But yet I'll make assurance double sure, And take a bond of fate: thou shalt not live; That I may tell pale-hearted fear it lies, And sleep in spite of thunder. [Thunder. Third Apparition: a Child crowned, with a tree in his hand] THIRD APPARITION Be lion-mettled, proud; and take no care Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are: Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam wood to Dunsinane hill Shall come against him. [Descends] MACBETH That will never be Who can impress the forest, bid the tree Unfix his earth-bound root? Sweet bodements! good! Rebellious head, rise never till the wood Of Birnam rise, and our high-placed Macbeth Shall live the lease of nature, pay his breath To time and mortal custom. Yet my heart Throbs to know one thing: tell me, if your art Can tell so much: shall Banquo's issue ever Reign in this kingdom? ALL Seek to know no more. MACBETH I will be satisfied: deny me this, And an eternal curse fall on you! Let me know. Why sinks that cauldron? and what noise is this? [Hautboys] FIRST WITCH Show! SECOND WITCH Show! THIRD WITCH Show! ALL Show his eyes, and grieve his heart; Come like shadows, so depart! [A show of Eight Kings, the last with a glass in his hand; BANQUO's Ghost following] MACBETH Thou art too like the spirit of Banquo: down! Thy crown does sear mine eye-ball. And thy hair, Thou other gold-bound brow, is like the first. A third is like the former. Filthy hags! Why do you show me this? A fourth! Start, eyes! What, will the line stretch out to the crack of doom? Another yet! A seventh! I'll see no more: And yet the eighth appears, who bears a glass Which shows me many more; and some I see That two-fold balls and treble sceptres carry: Horrible sight! Now, I see, 'tis true; For the blood-bolter'd Banquo smiles upon me, And points at them for his. [Apparitions vanish] What, is this so? FIRST WITCH Ay, sir, all this is so: but why Stands Macbeth thus amazedly? Come, sisters, cheer we up his sprites, And show the best of our delights: I'll charm the air to give a sound, While you perform your antic round: That this great king may kindly say, Our duties did his welcome pay. [Music. The WITCHES dance, and then vanish, with HECATE] MACBETH Where are they? Gone? Let this pernicious hour Stand aye accursed in the calendar! Come in, without there! [Enter LENNOX] LENNOX What's your grace's will? MACBETH Saw you the weird sisters? LENNOX No, my lord. MACBETH Came they not by you? LENNOX No, indeed, my lord. MACBETH Infected be the air whereon they ride; And damn'd all those that trust them! I did hear The galloping of horse: who was't came by? LENNOX 'Tis two or three, my lord, that bring you word Macduff is fled to England. MACBETH Fled to England! LENNOX Ay, my good lord. MACBETH Time, thou anticipatest my dread exploits: The flighty purpose never is o'ertook Unless the deed go with it; from this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. And even now, To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done: The castle of Macduff I will surprise; Seize upon Fife; give to the edge o' the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line. No boasting like a fool; This deed I'll do before this purpose cool. But no more sights!—Where are these gentlemen? Come, bring me where they are. [Exeunt]
Modern English

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This scene marks the climax of Macbeth's relationship with the supernatural forces that have shaped his destiny. The witches' elaborate ritual, complete with their famous incantation and grotesque ingredients, creates an atmosphere of primal evil that reflects Macbeth's complete moral deterioration. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony extensively here — while the prophecies seem to promise Macbeth's invincibility, the audience can perceive their deceptive nature and the loopholes they contain.The three apparitions function as a masterful example of equivocation, giving Macbeth truths that mislead him. The armed head's warning about Macduff is straightforward, but the subsequent prophecies about "none of woman born" and Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane appear impossible — yet Shakespeare's audience knows that these will be fulfilled through unexpected means. This dramatic irony intensifies the tragic inevitability of Macbeth's downfall while showing how desperately he clings to false security.The show of eight kings represents Macbeth's ultimate frustration — despite all his murders, Banquo's line will inherit the throne he has fought so brutally to secure. This vision drives home the theme of the futility of trying to control fate. The appearance of Banquo's ghost among the kings serves as a powerful reminder of Macbeth's guilt and the persistence of...

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"Double, double toil and trouble; / Fire burn and cauldron bubble." — All Witches (4.1.10-11)

"By the pricking of my thumbs, / Something wicked this way comes." — Second Witch (4.1.44-45)

"A deed without a name." — All Witches (4.1.49)

"Beware Macduff; / Beware the thane of Fife." — First Apparition (4.1.71-72)

"Be bloody, bold and resolute; laugh to scorn / The power of man, for none of woman born / Shall harm Macbeth." — Second Apparition (4.1.79-81)

"Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until / Great Birnam wood to Dunsinane hill / Shall come against him." — Third Apparition (4.1.92-94)

"But yet I'll make assurance double sure, / And take a bond of fate." — Macbeth (4.1.83-84)

"What, will the line stretch out to the crack of doom?" — Macbeth (4.1.117)

"The flighty purpose never is o'ertook / Unless the deed go with it." — Macbeth (4.1.145-146)

"The very firstlings of my heart shall be / The firstlings of my hand." — Macbeth (4.1.146-147)

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Mr. Shifflett's Note
Mr. Shifflett
Mr. Shifflett
English Teacher · Seoul International School
Hey! I built this study guide and sprinkled my own teaching notes throughout — look for the gold highlights ✎ as you read.

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