Romeo & Juliet Study Guide
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Act V, Scene 1
Mantua. A street

Scene Summary

In Mantua, Romeo wakes from a dream in which Juliet revived him with a kiss. Balthasar arrives with the news that Juliet is dead and has been placed in the Capulet tomb. Romeo immediately declares he will defy fate, return to Verona, and die beside Juliet. He seeks out a destitute apothecary and buys a lethal poison, despite it being illegal in Mantua. Romeo departs for Juliet's tomb, calling the poison his "cordial."

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Original Text
ROMEO. If I may trust the flattering truth of sleep, My dreams presage some joyful news at hand: My bosom's lord sits lightly in his throne; And all this day an unaccustom'd spirit Lifts me above the ground with cheerful thoughts. I dreamt my lady came and found me dead— Strange dream, that gives a dead man leave to think!— And breathed such life with kisses in my lips, That I revived, and was an emperor. Ah me! how sweet is love itself possess'd, When but love's shadows are so rich in joy! [Enter BALTHASAR, booted.] News from Verona!—How now, Balthasar! Dost thou not bring me letters from the friar? How doth my lady? Is my father well? How fares my Juliet? that I ask again; For nothing can be ill, if she be well. BALTHASAR. Then she is well, and nothing can be ill: Her body sleeps in Capel's monument, And her immortal part with angels lives. I saw her laid low in her kindred's vault, And presently took post to tell it you: O, pardon me for bringing these ill news, Since you did leave it for my office, sir. ROMEO. Is it even so? then I defy you, stars! Thou know'st my lodging: get me ink and paper, And hire post-horses; I will hence to-night. BALTHASAR. I do beseech you, sir, have patience: Your looks are pale and wild, and do import Some misadventure. ROMEO. Tush, thou art deceived: Leave me, and do the thing I bid thee do. Hast thou no letters to me from the friar? BALTHASAR. No, my good lord. ROMEO. No matter: get thee gone, And hire those horses; I'll be with thee straight. [Exit BALTHASAR.] Well, Juliet, I will lie with thee to-night. Let's see for means: O mischief, thou art swift To enter in the thoughts of desperate men! I do remember an apothecary,— And hereabouts he dwells,—which late I noted In tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows, Culling of simples; meagre were his looks, Sharp misery had worn him to the bones: And in his needy shop a tortoise hung, An alligator stuff'd, and other skins Of ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelves A beggarly account of empty boxes, Green earthen pots, bladders and musty seeds, Remnants of packthread and old cakes of roses, Were thinly scatter'd, to make up a show. Noting this penury, to myself I said 'An if a man did need a poison now, Whose sale is present death in Mantua, Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him.' O, this same thought did but forerun my need; And this same needy man must sell it me. As I remember, this should be the house. What, ho! apothecary! [Enter Apothecary.] APOTHECARY. Who calls so loud? ROMEO. Come hither, man. I see that thou art poor: Hold, there is forty ducats: let me have A dram of poison, such soon-speeding gear As will disperse itself through all the veins That the life-weary taker may fall dead And that the trunk may be discharged of breath As violently as hasty powder fired Doth hurry from the fatal cannon's womb. APOTHECARY. Such mortal drugs I have; but Mantua's law Is death to any he that utters them. ROMEO. Art thou so bare and full of wretchedness, And fear'st to die? famine is in thy cheeks, Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes, Contempt and beggary hangs upon thy back; The world is not thy friend nor the world's law: The world affords no law to make thee rich; Then be not poor, but break it, and take this. APOTHECARY. My poverty, but not my will, consents. ROMEO. I pay thy poverty, and not thy will. APOTHECARY. Put this in any liquid thing you will, And drink it off; and, if you had the strength Of twenty men, it would dispatch you straight. ROMEO. There is thy gold, worse poison to men's souls, Doing more murders in this loathsome world, Than these poor compounds that thou mayst not sell. I sell thee poison; thou hast sold me none. Farewell: buy food, and get thyself in flesh. Come, cordial and not poison, go with me To Juliet's grave; for there must I use thee. [Exeunt.]
Modern English

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Act V, Scene 1 is the scene where Romeo seizes control of his fate — and in doing so, destroys himself. It opens with one of Shakespeare's cruelest dramatic ironies: Romeo's dream. He dreams that Juliet found him dead and "breathed such life with kisses in my lips, / That I revived." This is almost exactly what the Friar's plan requires — Juliet will wake, find Romeo, and they will start a new life. But Romeo interprets the dream as a good omen rather than a literal preview, and within thirty lines the dream curdles into nightmare. Balthasar's delivery of the news is devastating in its simplicity: "Her body sleeps in Capel's monument." His choice of the word "sleeps" is an unconscious truth — she is sleeping — but Romeo hears only death. The failed letter is the mechanism of tragedy: Balthasar has "no letters from the friar," and Romeo never thinks to wait for one. His response — "Is it even so? then I defy you, stars!" — is the play's most famous declaration of rebellion against fate. But the irony is shattering: Romeo believes he is defying destiny by choosing death, when in fact fate is using his defiance...

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"I dreamt my lady came and found me dead... / And breathed such life with kisses in my lips, / That I revived, and was an emperor." — Romeo (a dream that almost describes the Friar's plan — and is cruelly misread as mere optimism)

"Is it even so? then I defy you, stars!" — Romeo (the play's most famous declaration against fate — which fate uses to accomplish its design)

"Well, Juliet, I will lie with thee to-night." — Romeo (a quiet line of absolute resolve, punning on "lie" — lie down and die)

"My poverty, but not my will, consents." — Apothecary (economic coercion stripped bare in a single line)

"There is thy gold, worse poison to men's souls, / Doing more murders in this loathsome world" — Romeo (inverting poison and gold — money as the real toxin)

"Come, cordial and not poison, go with me / To Juliet's grave; for there must I use thee." — Romeo (calling poison a cure — death beside Juliet as the only medicine)

Themes
Fate Death Despair Defiance Love Dreams Haste
Literary Devices
Dramatic Irony Foreshadowing Soliloquy Irony Personification Imagery Apostrophe
Characters
Romeo Balthasar Apothecary
Motifs
Poison and Medicine Stars Dreams Gold Death
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