Hamlet Study Guide
Color Theme
Font Style
Sans Serif System Mono Accessible
Text Size
Act I, Scene 4
The platform.

Scene Summary

Hamlet waits on the platform with Horatio and Marcellus in the freezing midnight air. As Claudius's drinking party sounds in the distance, Hamlet reflects on how Denmark's reputation for drunkenness undermines its other achievements — and broadens this into a meditation on how a single flaw can corrupt an otherwise virtuous person. The Ghost appears, and Hamlet addresses it passionately, demanding to know why it has risen from the grave. When it beckons him to follow alone, Horatio and Marcellus try to physically restrain him, but Hamlet breaks free with fierce determination, threatening anyone who stops him. Marcellus delivers the famous line: "Something is rotten in the state of Denmark."

Translation Style
✨ Character Voice Translations PREMIUM
Original Text
[Enter HAMLET, HORATIO, and MARCELLUS] HAMLET. The air bites shrewdly; it is very cold. HORATIO. It is a nipping and an eager air. HAMLET. What hour now? HORATIO. I think it lacks of twelve. HAMLET. No, it is struck. HORATIO. Indeed? I heard it not: then it draws near the season Wherein the spirit held his wont to walk. [A flourish of trumpets, and ordnance shot off, within] What does this mean, my lord? HAMLET. The king doth wake to-night and takes his rouse, Keeps wassail, and the swaggering up-spring reels; And, as he drains his draughts of Rhenish down, The kettle-drum and trumpet thus bray out The triumph of his pledge. HORATIO. Is it a custom? HAMLET. Ay, marry, is't: But to my mind, though I am native here And to the manner born, it is a custom More honour'd in the breach than the observance. This heavy-headed revel east and west Makes us traduced and tax'd of other nations: They clepe us drunkards, and with swinish phrase Soil our addition; and indeed it takes From our achievements, though perform'd at height, The pith and marrow of our attribute. So, oft it chances in particular men, That for some vicious mole of nature in them, As, in their birth--wherein they are not guilty, Since nature cannot choose his origin-- By the o'ergrowth of some complexion, Oft breaking down the pales and forts of reason, Or by some habit that too much o'er-leavens The form of plausive manners, that these men, Carrying, I say, the stamp of one defect, Being nature's livery, or fortune's star,-- Their virtues else--be they as pure as grace, As infinite as man may undergo-- Shall in the general censure take corruption From that particular fault: the dram of eale Doth all the noble substance of a doubt To his own scandal. HORATIO. Look, my lord, it comes! [Enter Ghost] HAMLET. Angels and ministers of grace defend us! Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damn'd, Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, Be thy intents wicked or charitable, Thou comest in such a questionable shape That I will speak to thee: I'll call thee Hamlet, King, father, royal Dane: O, answer me! Let me not burst in ignorance; but tell Why thy canonized bones, hearsed in death, Have burst their cerements; why the sepulchre, Wherein we saw thee quietly inurn'd, Hath oped his ponderous and marble jaws, To cast thee up again. What may this mean, That thou, dead corse, again in complete steel Revisit'st thus the glimpses of the moon, Making night hideous; and we fools of nature So horridly to shake our disposition With thoughts beyond the reaches of our souls? Say, why is this? wherefore? what should we do? [Ghost beckons HAMLET] HORATIO. It beckons you to go away with it, As if it some impartment did desire To you alone. MARCELLUS. Look, with what courteous action It waves you to a more removed ground: But do not go with it. HORATIO. No, by no means. HAMLET. It will not speak; then I will follow it. HORATIO. Do not, my lord. HAMLET. Why, what should be the fear? I do not set my life in a pin's fee; And for my soul, what can it do to that, Being a thing immortal as itself? It waves me forth again: I'll follow it. HORATIO. What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles o'er his base into the sea, And there assume some other horrible form, Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason And draw you into madness? think of it: The very place puts toys of desperation, Without more motive, into every brain That looks so many fathoms to the sea And hears it roar beneath. HAMLET. It waves me still. Go on; I'll follow thee. MARCELLUS. You shall not go, my lord. HAMLET. Hold off your hands. HORATIO. Be ruled; you shall not go. HAMLET. My fate cries out, And makes each petty artery in this body As hardy as the Nemean lion's nerve. Still am I call'd. Unhand me, gentlemen. By heaven, I'll make a ghost of him that lets me! I say, away! Go on; I'll follow thee. [Exeunt Ghost and HAMLET] HORATIO. He waxes desperate with imagination. MARCELLUS. Let's follow; 'tis not fit thus to obey him. HORATIO. Have after. To what issue will this come? MARCELLUS. Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. HORATIO. Heaven will direct it. MARCELLUS. Nay, let's follow him. [Exeunt]
Modern English
Select a style above to load the modern English translation.

This scene brings Hamlet face to face with the supernatural for the first time, and his response reveals a character defined by intellectual courage paired with emotional recklessness. Where the soldiers in Scene 1 were paralyzed by fear, Hamlet meets the Ghost with a cascade of questions and a readiness to follow it anywhere — even at the cost of his life, which he values at "a pin's fee."

Hamlet's speech on Denmark's drinking customs may seem like a digression, but it introduces a crucial theme: how a single "vicious mole of nature" — one flaw — can corrupt an entire character, no matter how virtuous otherwise. The "dram of eale" speech (textually corrupt but thematically clear) is Shakespeare's most direct statement of the tragic flaw concept, and it applies ironically to Hamlet himself, whose great intellect will become entangled with a tendency toward delay and overthinking.

Hamlet's address to the Ghost — "Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damn'd" — demonstrates the theological uncertainty that shadows the play. In Protestant theology (which Shakespeare's audience would have known), ghosts were considered demons in disguise; in Catholic tradition, they could be souls from purgatory. Hamlet holds both possibilities open, reflecting his philosophical nature but also introducing a doubt about the Ghost's reliability that will haunt the entire middle of the play.

The physical struggle with Horatio and Marcellus marks a turning point in Hamlet's characterization. His threat — "I'll make a ghost of him that lets me" — shows a capacity for violent decisiveness that stands in stark contrast to his later inability to act against Claudius. The dramatic irony is powerful: Hamlet has no trouble breaking free from his friends, but will spend the rest of the play unable to break free from his own indecision.

Marcellus's closing line — "Something is rotten in the state of Denmark" — has become one of literature's most famous political diagnoses. It connects the supernatural disturbance to the political corruption that Claudius represents, suggesting that the ghost and the rottenness share a common cause. The imagery of decay that began in Scene 2's "unweeded garden" deepens here into a national condition.

"It is a custom / More honour'd in the breach than the observance." — Hamlet (I.4.15-16)

"Angels and ministers of grace defend us!" — Hamlet (I.4.39)

"I do not set my life in a pin's fee." — Hamlet (I.4.65)

"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark." — Marcellus (I.4.90)

Loading tags...

AI-Powered Analysis

Click any tag to explore where it appears across the play, then ask AI to explain how it works in this scene.

Exploring tag...
AI Analysis
Ask AI to explain how this element appears in this scene
Click a tag to search.
Ask AI about this scene
Type at least 2 characters to search